programming

1.The metaphor of culture as “mental programming” or “software of the mind” was firstly introduced by ______.2.《The?Art?of?Computer?Programming》的作者是（）3.There are two optimal policies for Dynamic Programming, one is （）, and the other is policy iteration.动态规划有两种优化策略，一个是（），而另一种是策略迭代4.内置函数是由编程语言提供的，使用它的时候不需要包含其代码。Built-in functions are provided by programming languages, and do not need to contain their code whe5.有些程序设计语言包含可以用于追加文件记录的语句。Some programming languages contain statements that can be used to append file records.6.逻辑错误违背了程序设计语言对于语句结构的规定。Logic error is a violation of a programming language’s rules for the structure of statements.7.结构化程序设计是有效地设计和编写程序的方法。Structured programming is a method for designing and coding programs effectively.8.术语防御性编程指的是：The term defensive programming refers to: